The Impact of Gender Discrimination on Women’s Sustainable Career Growth in Organization

Authors

  • Mr. Diwakar Das

Keywords:

Gender Discrimination, Sustainable Growth, Employee motivation, Performance Level, Professional Goals and Values

Abstract

This study tries to review the current paradigms of gender discrimination in organisations in order to analyze and understand how discrimination on the basis of gender interrupts women’s career growth which directly impact employee’s productivity. In order to assess and comprehend how gender discrimination impedes women's career advancement, which has a direct impact on workers' productivity, this study attempts to explore the prevalent paradigms of gender discrimination in organisations. While there has been much research done on the career paths of young, competent female employees. The study attempts to start with an overview in order to emphasise how avoiding gender discrimination defies preconceptions that are often overlooked when it comes to building a successful career. The investigation of gender discrimination and its effects on women's long-term professional development can then be conducted in a way that generates narratives for comprehending career advancement. The study attempts to investigate and suggest the progressive perseverance and perception that a nation such as India. World’s one of the oldest civilization i.e. Bharat has the capability to lead the beacon. This is our moral, ethical and social value to treat everyone equal with the slogan i. e. ‘Vasudhaiv Kutumbkam’.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

BOOKS

• Altonji, Joseph and Rebecca Blank (1999), “Race and Gender in the Labor Market”, Ashenfelter, Orsley and David Card editors, Handbook of Labor Economics, vol. 3.c., chapter 48, Elsevier Science B.V. editorial.

• Arputhamurthy, Savitri (1990) “Women, work and Discrimination”, Ashish publishing House, New Delhi.

• Becker. G (1957) “The Economics of Discrimination”, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

• Blau, F., Ferber, M.A. and Winkler, A.E (2002) “The Economies of Women, Men and Work” 4th Edition. Prentice Hall.

• Beauvoir, S. (1972). “The Second Sex” Published by Penguin Books, London.

• Bhalla, S. (1997). The Rise and Fall of Workforce Diversification process in Rural India, In chadha, G.K. and Alakh N. Sharma (eds.), Growth Employment and Poverty: Change and Continuity in Rural India, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

• Black, J. A. and Champion, D. J. (1976). Methods and issues in social research. New York, Wiley

• Chant, S. and Cathy, M. (1995). “Women of a Lesser Cost: Female Labour, Foreign Exchange and Philippine Development”, Pluto Press, London and East Haven, CT.

• Datta, S. K. and Bandyopadhyay, P.D (2004) “Gender Bias in India: Conventional and Non-conventional Indicators, Comparative Achievements and Possible Remedies, in -Issues in Empowerment of Women” (ed. by. Kumar De and Ghosh), New Delhi, Mohit Publishers.

• Davidson, M. J., and Burke, R.J. (2004) “Women in management worldwide: Facts, figures and analysis” Ashgate.

• Desai, Neera A (1957) “Women in Modern India”, Bombay; Vora and Co. Publishers.

• Dreze, J. and Sen, A. (1995). India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity, Oxford University Press, Delhi.

• Dreze, J. and Sen, A. (2005). India: Development and Participation, New Delhi: OUP.

• Eagly, A. H., and Sczesny.S (2009) “Stereotypes about women, men, and leaders: Have times changed?” In Barreto, M.K. Ryan, &M. T. Schmitt (Eds.), The Glass Ceiling in the 21st Century: Understanding Barriers to Gender Equality (pp. 21-47). Washington, DC: Psychology of Women Book Series, American Psychological Association.

• Economist (2006). Women and the world economy: A guide to womenomics. The Economist.

• Folbre, N., Bergman, B., Agarwal, B. and Floro, M. (1991). Women’s Work in the World Economy, Macmillan, London.

• Fawcett, M. (1917) “The Position of Women in Economic Life”, in W. H. Dawson (ed.), After War Problems. London: Allen & Unwin.

• Francesca Gino, Caroline Ashley Wilmuth, and Alison Wood Brooks (2015) “Compared to Men, Women view Professional Advancement as Equally Attainable, but less Desirable”, PNAS Early Edition.

• Gregory RF (2003) “Women and Workplace Discrimination: Overcoming Barriers to Gender Equality”, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

• Herzberg (1968) “Work and the Nature of Man”, Staple Press. London.

• Israeli, D.N. and Adler, N. J. (1993) “Competitive Frontiers: Women Managers in Global Economy”, Blackwell, Oxford.

• Joshi S. C, (2004) “Women Empowerment Myth and Reality”, Akansha publishing house, New Delhi.

• Kamala Ramadoss (2013) “Work Stress, Work-family conflict and Health: A Multilevel perspective” edited by Pestonjee and Pandey, Stress and Work: Perspectives on understanding and managing stress, Sage publications.

• Kapur, Promilla (1970) “Marriage and working women in India”, Vikas Publishing House Pvt., Ltd, New Delhi.

• Locke, E. A. (1976) “The nature and causes of job satisfaction”, In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology Skokie, IL: Rand Mc Nally.

• Powell, G. N., and L. M. Graves (2003) “Women and men in management”, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, ca: Sage.

• Peterson, V. S., and Runyan, A. S. (1993) “Global gender issues”, Boulder, CO: Westview.

• Robinson, J. (1933) “The Economics of Imperfect Competition”, London: Macmillan.

• Robert J. Thornton and Judith A. McDonald (2015) “The Gender Gap in Starting Salaries for New College Graduates”, Book Series: Research in Labor Economics - Gender in the Labor Market, Volume 42.

• Saksena, A. (2004) “Gender and Human Rights: Status of Women Workers in India”, New Delhi, Shipra.

• Schneider, B., Gunnarson, S.K. and Wheeler, J.K. (1992), “The role of opportunity in the conceptualization and measurement of job satisfaction”, In Cranny, C.J., Smith, P.C., Stone, E.F. (Eds), Job Satisfaction: How People Feel About Their Jobs and How It Affects Their Performance, Lexington Books, New York, NY.

• Walter, L. (2003) “Women’s Issues Worldwide Europe”, In The Greenwood Encyclopedia, Westport, Connecticut, London: Greenwood Press.

• Walter, L. and Desai, M. (2003) “Women’s Issues Worldwide Asia and Oceania”, The Greenwood Encyclopedia, Westport, Connecticut, London: Greenwood Press.

• Wilson, F.M. (2003) “Organizational behaviour and gender” ASHGATE.

JOURNALS

• Abhishek Mishra (2014) “Glass Ceiling and Gender Discrimination: A Study on causes and Impacts on Female Managers”, Abhinav National Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, Vol: 3, No(10), pg : 67 – 73.

• Andrey Shastri (2014) “Gender Inequality and Women Discrimination”, IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), Vol: 19, No (11), pg: 27-30.

• Alimi Baba Gana and Bukar Jamri (2011) “The Effects of Gender  Discrimination on Women In Kashim Ibrahim College Of Education”, Continental J. Education Research, Vol: 4, No (2), pg: 11 – 21.

• Biernat, M and Kobrynowicz, D. D. (1997) “Gender and race-based standards of competence: Lower minimum standards but higher ability standards for devalued groups”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol: 72, Pg: 544-557.

• Bivas Chaudhuri and A.K. Panigrahi (2013) “Gender Bias in Indian Industry”, The journal of Industrial Statistics, Vol :2 No :(1) pg: 108-127.

• Budhwar, P., D.S. Saini, and J. Bhatnagar (2005), “Women in Management in the New Economic Environment: The Case of India”, Asia Pacific Business Review, Vol:11, No (2), pg:179– 193.

• Donald Cox and John Vincent Nye (1989) “Male-Female Wage Discrimination in Nineteenth-Century France”, The Journal of Economic History, Vol:49, No (4), pg: 903-920.

• Donna Bobbitt-Zeher (2011) “Gender Discrimination at Work: connecting gender stereotypes, institutional policies, and gender composition of workplace”, Gender & Society, Vol:25, No (6), pg: 764-786.

• Edgcworth, F.Y. (1922) “Equal Pay to Men and Women for Equal Work”, Economic Journal, Vol. 32, pg: 235 - 241.

• Edward P. Lazear and Sherwin Rosen (1990) “Male-female wage differentials in Job ladders”, Journal of labour Economics, Vol:8, no (1), pg:106-123.

• Faatin Zulaikha Amir and Norashikin Mahmud (2014) “Relationship between Discrimination in Career Development and Stress among Female Workers in Malaysia” Aust. J. Basic & Appl. Sci. Vol: 8, No (23), pg: 101-107.

• Farah Naqvi (2011) “Perspectives of Indian Women Managers in the public sector”, Indian Journal of Gender Studies, Vol: 18, No (3), pg: 279-309.

• Farah Yasmin Bukhari, and Prof Dr. Muhammad Ramzan (2013) “Gender Discrimination: A myth or truth: Women status in Pakistan”, IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), Vol:8, No (2), pg: 88-97.

• Fawcett, M. (1918) “Equal Pay for Equal Work”, Economic Journal, Vol. 28, pg: 1-6.

• Friedlander and Margulies (1969) “Multiple Impacts of Organization Climate and Individual Values System upon Job Satisfaction”, Personnel Psychology, Vol:22, pg:177-183.

• Heilman, M. E. (2012) “Gender stereotypes and workplace bias”, Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol :32, pg:113 -135.

• Hilary M. Lips (2003) “The Gender Pay Gap: Concrete Indicator of Women's Progress Toward Equality”, Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, Vol:3, No (1), pg:87–109.

• Kenneth Dowler and Bruce Arai (2008) “Stress, gender and policing: the impact of perceived gender discrimination on symptoms of stress” International Journal of Police Science & Management, Vol:10, No (2), pg:123-135.

• Kirton, G. and Green, A.H (2005) “Gender, Equality and Industrial Relations in Europe: An Introduction”, European Journal of Industrial Relation, Vol: 11, pg: 141-149.

• Kudachi S.A. (2014) “Gender discrimination factors affecting female employees in private organizations: a case study in Bijapur city”, International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, Vol:4, No (4), pg:804-811.

• Kulkarni, S. S. (2002) “Women and professional competency – a survey report”, Indian Journal of Training and Development, Vol: XXXII, No (2), April–June, pg: 11–16

• Lambert, E.G., Hogan, N.L., and Barton, S.M. (2001), “The impact of job satisfaction on turnover intent: A test of structural measurement model using a national sample of workers”, Social Science Journal, Vol:38, pg:233-251.

• Leela Gulati (1975) “Sex Discrimination in Wages”, Social Scientist, Vol :4, NO (40-41), pg: 159.

• Lipismita Nath, (2015) “Gender discrimination in India issues, strategy and Management”, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) Vol:2, No (2), pg: 254 -257.

• Macarie, Felicia Cornelia; HYPERLINK "javascript: openAuthorsDetails('dc5ee42d-1073-47a3-8de1-e3593da93632');" Moldovan, Octavian (2012), “The Ignored Resource: Gender Discrimination In The Labor Force”, Managerial Challenges of the Contemporary Society, Vol :4, pg: 12-19.

• Jain and Mukherji, N. J. (2010) “The Perception of 'Glass Ceiling' in India Industry: An Exploratory Study”, South Asian Journal of Management, pg:28-38.

• Mustafa Khalid and Rabail Aroosh (2014) “Outcomes of Gender Discrimination, A Study of Female Workers in Banking Sector of Pakistan”, IOSR Journal of Business and Management, Vol:16, No (7), pg: 38-48.

• Oana Ancuta Stângaciu (2013) “Equality of opportunity between men and women on the labour market – the gender pay gap within the EU member states”, Studies and Scientific Research, Vol:18, pg: 95 -100.

• Panchanan Das (2012) “Wage Inequality in India: Decomposition by Sector, Gender and Activity Status”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol: XLVII, No (50) pg: 58 – 64.

• Parminder Kaur and Arjinder Kaur (2011) “Pattern of Rural Workforce Participation in India: Gender inequalities”, Kurukshetra, Vol: 59, No (3), pg:6-9.

• Preet Rustagi (2004) “Significance of Gender-related Development Indicators: An Analysis of Indian States”, Indian Journal of Gender Studies, Vol:11, No (3), pg: 291-343.

• Qaisar Abbas, Abdul Hameed, Aamer Waheed (2011) “Gender Discrimination and Its Effect on Employee Performance/Productivity”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol:1, No (15), pg: 170-176.

• Rudolf Winter-Ebmer, Josef Zweimuller (1997), “Unequal Assignment and unequal promotion in job ladders”, Journal of labour economics, Vol:15, No (1), pg:43-71.

• Sangeeta Sharma and Manju Sharma (2012) “Gender equality in the workplace: the perceptive reality”, Social Sciences Directory, Vol:1, No (1), pg : 19-33.

• Seo, Y., Ko, J. and Price, J.L. (2004), “The determinants of job satisfaction among hospital nurses: a model estimation in Korea”, International Journal of Nursing Studies, Vol:4, pg: 437-446.

• Shefali Malhotra Omesh Chadha (2012) “Stress in the Context of Job Satisfaction: An Empirical Study of BPO Sector”, International Journal of Research in IT & Management, Vol:2, No (1), pg :24 -38.

• Steyn, Renier, Jackson, Leon (2014) “Gender-based discrimination during appointments, promotions and remuneration: views of South African managers, South African”, Journal of Labour Relations, Vol:38, No (2), pg: 48-69.

• Surendra Kumar Sia, Bharat Chandra Sahoo, Pravakar Duari (2015) “Gender Discrimination and Work Engagement: Moderating Role of Future Time Perspective”, South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management, Vol:2, No (1), pg:58-84.

• Wolford, Karen M. (2005) “Gender Discrimination in Employment: Wage Inequity for Professional and Doctoral Degree Holders in the United States and Possible Remedies”, Journal of Education Finance, Vol:31, No (1), pg: 82-100.

• Yasukawa K, Nomura K (2014) “The Perception and Experience of Gender – Based discrimination related to Professional Advancement among Japanese Physicians”, The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, Vol: 232, No (1), pg: 35-42.

• Yusuf Ziya Ozcan, Senay Ucdogruk and Kivilcim Metin Ozcan (2003), “Wage Differences by Gender, Wage and Self employment in Urban Turkey”, Journal of Economic Co-operation, Vol:24, No (1), Pg:1-24.

• Zareen Abbassi, Imran Anwar Ujan and Zahid Ali Channar (2011) “Gender Discrimination in Workforce and its Impact on the Employees”, Pakistan Journal Commerce and Social Sciences, Vol:5, No (1), pg:177-191.

WORKING PAPERS / DISCUSSION PAPER

• Anders Frederiksen and Timothy Halliday (2015) “Why are there so few women in executive positions? An analysis of gender differences in the lifecycle of executive employment”, Working Paper No. 15-02.

• Acharya, M. and Lynn, B. (1983). “Women and the Subsistence Sector: Economic Participation and Household Decision Making in Nepal”, World Bank Staff Working Papers, No 526, The World Bank, Washington, DC.

• Agenor, P. (2015). “Gender Equality and Economic Growth: An Overlapping Generations Model for India,” OECD Working Paper, forthcoming.

• Bergmann, B. and Darity, W.A. (1981) “Social Relations in the Workplace and Employer Discrimination”, Proceedings of the 3 3 r d Annual Meetings of the Industrial Relations Research Association. (Madison: University of Wisconsin).

• Marikkar, Fathima Azmiah (2007), “The Role of Gender Equality in the Workplace in Japan”, Departmental Bulletin Paper, Kanagawa University Repository, Vol : 33, pg: 91-101.

• Marimuthu Sivakumar (2008) “Gender Discrimination and Women’s Development In India”, MPRA Paper No. 10901.

• Shantanu Khanna (2012) “Gender wage discrimination in India: Glass ceiling or sticky floor?”, Working Paper No. 214, Centre for Development Economics, Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics.

DISSERTATIONS

• Annette B. (2008) “A Study on Gender Discrimination among Construction Workers and the Means of Empowering Women Construction Workers with special reference to Tiruchirappalli”, unpublished dissertation submitted to bharathidasan university, Tiruchirappalli.

• Edwards, B. R. (2010). Gender inequality and socioeconomic development. February 2010 Enterprises, Kanpur.

• Gupta, Namrata and Sharma, A K. (2003), “Gender inequality in the work environment at institutes of higher learning in science and technology in India” unpublished dissertation submitted to the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur.

• Sathishah (Nishi) Ramrathan (2005) “Workplace Discrimination Against Durban University of Technology (Dut) Trainees Within The Hotel And Catering Industry”, unpublished dissertation, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa.

• Tacneaux, N., (2012) “Discrimination in the Workplace: Race, Age and Gender Discrimination - Impact on Performance in the Public Sector”. (1534649 M.A.), State University of New York Empire State College, Ann Arbor. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Full Text database.

• Talwar, Sabanna et al. (2006) “Women education, employment and gender discrimination: a socio-economic study of Hyderabad-Karnataka state (in comparison with Mysore, Telengana and Marathwada regions)”. Belgaum, Karnataka: Karnataka Univ., Dept. of Studies and Research in Economics. 31 p.

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS

• Abraham, V. (2009). “Employment Growth in Rural India: Distress Driven?”, Economic and Political Weekly, 18 April 2019

• Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (1982). Basic Statistics Relating to the Indian Economy, Vol., All India.

• Central Statistical Organisation (2015). Millennium Development Goals: India Country Report 2015

• EOC (Equal Opportunities Commission) (2001), “Briefings on women and men in Britain”. EOC, Manchester.

• Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (2010).

• Government of India (2011) Census.

• Hausmann, R., Tyson, L. D., and Zahidi, S. (2008). The Global Gender Gap Report 2008. World Economic Forum. Geneva, Switzerland.

• International Labor Organization (2007) “Discrimination at Work in Asia”, Geneva: International Labour Office.

WEBSITES

• Ana Santos (2014) “Socially Constructing Discrimination Against Women in the Workplace”, http://kora.kpu.ca/scusc/scusc_2014/schedule/31/

• Alice Wieland (2007) “Gender Inequality in the Workforce: A Comparison of Corporate Women and Female Entrepreneurs”. Web: http://sbaer.uca.edu/research/usasbe/2007/-data/papers/cases/086.pdf

• Ankur Shukla (2011) “Discrimination At Workplace – A Disturbing Menace”. http://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2011/07/discrimination-at-workplacea-disturbing menace/

• Ashish Singh (2015) “Same Academic Abilities but Different Wages: The Legacy of Gender Discrimination in India in the Twenty-First Century”, https://sase.confex.com/-sase/2015am/webprogram/Paper1152.html

• Berta Esteve - Volart (2004) “Gender Discrimination and Growth: Theory and Evidence from India”, pg: 1-61.

• Eprints.lse.ac.uk/6641/1/Gender_Discrimination_and_Growth_Theory_and_Evidence_from_India.pdf

• Bishnu Maya K.C. (2010) “Women's perception of discrimination on employment: a case study of Tamghas VDC, Gulmi district”.

• Business Today (2002) Indecent proposal, Sep 1, 2002. http://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/20020901/cover1.html

• Cailin Susan Stamarski and Leanne Son Hing (2015) “Gender inequalities in the workplace: the effects of organizational structures, processes, practices, and decision makers’ sexism”. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01400

• Chu, K and Ramstad, E. (2012) “Women in Asia Face Barriers to Tops Jobs”, The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved From http://www.wsj.com

• Hilary M. Lips (2012) “The Gender Pay Gap: Challenging Rationalizations. Perceived Equity, Discrimination, and the Limits of Human Capital Models”. http://www.springerlink.com/content/x0x6k574721pw441/about/

• Ishani Chatterjee Sukla (2011) Glass Ceiling Effect http://www.buzzle.com/articles/glass-ceiling-effect.html

• Ram Krishna Sahu (2009) “Gender Discrimination on at workplace” http://www.scribd.com/doc/22571816/Gender-Discrimination-in-Work-Place

• Stephen Rampur (2011) Types of Discrimination in the workplace http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-discrimination-in-the-workplace.html

• Sunhee Kim (2014) “The effect of gender discrimination in organization”. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/12294659.2014.983216

Additional Files

Published

03-03-2024

How to Cite

Mr. Diwakar Das. (2024). The Impact of Gender Discrimination on Women’s Sustainable Career Growth in Organization. Vidhyayana - An International Multidisciplinary Peer-Reviewed E-Journal - ISSN 2454-8596, 9(si2). Retrieved from https://j.vidhyayanaejournal.org/index.php/journal/article/view/1631